<h3 style="margin-top: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;line-height: 1.4625px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;line-height: 20px;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:黑体">一．橡胶增塑剂的概念</span></span></strong><strong></strong></h3><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">增塑剂又称为软化剂，是指能够降低橡胶分子链间的作用力，改善加工工艺性能，并能提高胶料的物理机械性能，降低成本的一类低分子量化合物。过去习惯上根据应用范围不同分为软化剂和增塑剂。软化剂多来源于天然物质；增塑剂多为合成产品目前由于所起的作用相同，统称为增塑剂。</span></span></p><h3 style="margin-top: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;line-height: 1.4625px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;line-height: 20px;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:黑体">二．增塑剂的作用</span></span></strong><strong></strong></h3><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">1<span style="font-family:宋体">．改善橡胶的加工工艺性能：通过降低分子间作用力，使粉末状配合剂更好地与生胶浸润并分散均匀，改善混炼工艺；通过增加胶料的可塑性、流动性、粘着性改善压延、压出、成型工艺。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">2<span style="font-family:宋体">．改善橡胶的某些物理机械性能：降低制品的硬度、定伸应力、提高硫化胶的弹性、耐寒性、降低生热等。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">3<span style="font-family:宋体">．降低成本：价格低、耗能省。</span></span></p><h3 style="margin-top: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;line-height: 1.4625px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;line-height: 20px;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:黑体">三．增塑剂的分类</span></span></strong><strong></strong></h3><p style="font-size: medium;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-indent: 28px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;font-size: 14px">1．根据作用机理分：</span></strong><strong></strong></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">物理增塑剂：增塑分子进入橡胶分子内，增大分子间距、减弱分子间作用力，分子链易滑动。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">化学增塑剂：又称塑解剂，通过力化学作用，使橡胶大分子断链，增加可塑性。</span></span><span style="text-indent: 112px; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 14px;"><span style="font-family:宋体">大部分为芳香族硫酚的衍生物如</span>2-<span style="font-family:宋体">萘硫酚、二甲苯基硫酚、五氯硫酚等</span></span><span style="text-indent: 112px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;">。</span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-indent: 28px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;font-size: 14px">2．按来源分：</span></strong><strong></strong></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-left: 52px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">① </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">石油系增塑剂</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-left: 52px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">② </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">煤焦油系增塑剂</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-left: 52px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">③ </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">松油系增塑剂</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-left: 52px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">④ </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">脂肪油系增塑剂</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;margin-left: 52px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px">⑤ </span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">合成增塑剂</span></span></p><h3 style="margin-top: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;line-height: 1.4625px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;line-height: 20px;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:黑体">四．对增塑剂的要求</span></span></strong><strong></strong></h3><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;margin-left: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">增塑效果好，用量少，吸收速度快；</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;">与橡胶的相容性好，挥发性小、不迁移、耐寒性好，耐水、耐油、溶剂；</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;">电绝缘性好，耐燃性好，无色、</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;">安全</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;">、无臭，价廉易得。</span></p><h3 style="margin-top: 8px;margin-bottom: 8px;line-height: 1.4625px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;line-height: 20px;font-size: 16px"><span style="font-family:黑体">五．石油系增塑剂</span></span></strong><strong></strong></h3><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">是橡胶加工中使用较多的增塑剂之一。增塑效果好，来源丰富，成本低廉。石油系增塑剂是</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">选择适当的原油进行常压和减压蒸馏</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">制得</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman';font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">。</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">主要品种有操作油、三线油、变压器油、机油、轻化重油、石蜡、凡士林、沥青及石油树脂等，其中常用的是操作油。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-indent: 28px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;font-size: 14px">1．操作油的分类</span></strong><strong></strong></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">操作油是石油的高沸点馏分，由分子量在</span>300~600<span style="font-family:宋体">的复杂烃类化合物组成，分子量分布宽。根据油中主要成分的不同，可将操作油分为以下三种：</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;font-size: 14px">①<a href="/ProductDetail/1726131.html" target="_self" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); font-size: 14px;">芳烃油</a>：</span></strong><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">以芳烃油为主。褐色的粘稠状液体，与橡胶的相容性好，加工性能好，吸收速度快。适用于天然橡胶和多种合成橡胶；缺点是</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">安全性能不好</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">，宜用于深色橡胶制品中。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;font-size: 14px">②<a href="/ProductDetail/1725975.html" target="_self" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); font-size: 14px;">环烷油</a>：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: 宋体;">以环烷烃为主。</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; letter-spacing: 1px; font-size: 14px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">环烷油具有良好的低温性能:粘度高、倾点低，填充到橡胶中能够很好地增强充油胶的机械性能和耐寒性，在寒冷的冬季也能方便的进行贮运操作。</span></p><p style="font-size: medium"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;font-size: 14px">    ③<a href="/ProductDetail/1722398.html" target="_self" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 0, 238); font-size: 14px;">石蜡油</a>：</span></strong><span style="font-size: 14px; font-family: 宋体;">又称为链烷烃油，</span><span style="font-family: 宋体, SimSun; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 1px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); text-indent: 34px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">是从石蜡基原油分馏制得的无色无味混合物。它以链烷烃为主，具有低致敏性和很好的封闭性，芳烃含量低，因此它安全环保，且与橡胶相容性很好，适用于三元乙丙橡胶、丁基橡胶、天然橡胶和热塑性橡胶等橡胶。</span></p><p style="font-size: medium"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体"><img src="/comdata/12314299/202006/20200618143739e7bfef.jpg" width="268" height="267" style="width: 268px; height: 267px; float: right;"/></span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-indent: 28px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;font-size: 14px">2．操作油对橡胶加工性能的影响</span></strong><strong></strong></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">）对混炼的影响</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">橡胶对油的吸收速度与油的组成、粘度、混炼条件有关：一般粘度低、芳香烃含量高、温度高，吸收得快。但油用量多，使炭黑在橡胶中的分散性变差，必须分批加。此外，混炼时加入油，可减小生热、降低能耗。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>2<span style="font-family:宋体">）对压出的影响</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">胶料中加入适量的油，可使胶料软化，压出半成品表面光滑、压出膨胀小，压出速度快。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>3<span style="font-family:宋体">）对硫化的影响</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">随着胶料中油类填充量的增加，硫化速度有减缓的倾向。油的加入，使硫化剂、促进剂在橡胶中的浓度降低，使硫化速度减缓。</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;">含芳烃油多的操作油，有促进胶料焦烧和加速硫化的作用。</span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-top: 10px;margin-bottom: 10px;text-indent: 28px"><strong><span style="font-family: 黑体;font-size: 14px">4．操作油在几种橡胶中的使用特性</span></strong><strong></strong></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>1<span style="font-family:宋体">）</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">SBR</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：芳烃油用好，使拉伸强度、伸长率提高，定伸应力下降，硫化胶的耐屈挠性好。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>2<span style="font-family:宋体">）</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">BR</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：由于炭黑填充量大，操作油的用量多些，对性能的影响不显著。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>3<span style="font-family:宋体">）</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">CR</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：选用芳香烃较好，其次是环烷油，不能用石蜡油。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>4<span style="font-family:宋体">）</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">NBR</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：一般不用操作油，多用合成增塑剂。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>5<span style="font-family:宋体">）</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">IIR</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：使用低粘度的油，用环烷油或石蜡油，不用芳烃油。</span></span></p><p style="font-size: medium;margin-bottom: 6px;text-indent: 28px"><span style="font-family: 宋体;font-size: 14px"><span style="font-family:宋体">（</span>6<span style="font-family:宋体">）</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">EPDM</span><span style="font-family:宋体">：一般不使用芳烃油，多用石蜡油和环烷油。</span></span></p><p><br/></p>